References & Supporting Data
1. ONE Campaign / Africa CDC
98.9% of Africa’s vaccines are imported. Africa produces just 0.2% of the world’s vaccines.
Source: ONE Campaign & Africa CDC (2024)
2. WHO (2024)
Vaccines have saved at least 154 million lives in the past 50 years.
Source: World Health Organization (2024)
3. Gavi – Vaccine Manufacturing
Only 8 out of 54 African countries have local vaccine production.
Source: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (2021)
4. UNICEF
127 million children missed one or more vaccines in Africa between 2019 and 2021.
Source: UNICEF (2023)
5. Gavi – Needle-Free Vaccine Innovation (MAPs)
11 needle-free vaccines that could transform global immunization.
Source: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (2025)
6. Gavi / NEC / Simprints – Biometric for Vaccination
Deploying the world’s first scalable child fingerprint ID for immunization.
Source: Gavi, NEC & Simprints (2019)
7. Nigeria’s Vaccine Policy (2021)
Promotes equity, innovation, and local vaccine production, including the use of WTO TRIPS patent flexibilities to strengthen local manufacturing and self-sufficiency.
Source: Nigerian Vaccine Policy, Federal Republic of Nigeria PDF (2021)
8. African Development Bank (AfDB, 2023)
Africa’s youth population (ages 15–24) is expected to grow from 230 million in 2015 to 850 million by 2050, making Africa home to the world’s largest and youngest working-age population.
Source: AfDB Youth Presentation PDF (2023)
9. UN DESA – World Population Prospects (2015 Revision)
Projects Africa’s population to double by 2050 to 2.5 billion, with youth (15–24) growing from 230 million to 850 million, the world’s largest young workforce.
Source: UN DESA – World Population Prospects: 2015 Revision
10. Vaccine Market and Procurement Analysis (VMPA) Study (2017)
This study shows how global procurement mechanisms, though aimed at equity, can sideline locally manufactured vaccines in Africa.
Source: VMPA Study PDF
11. MedAccess (2025)
Africa buys 25% of the world’s vaccines but makes under 1%, limited by regulatory and procurement barriers.
Source: medaccess.org (Accessed July 2025)
12. Gavi (2025)
In April 2025, Gavi and Zipline used drones to deliver malaria vaccines to 20,000 children in remote Bayelsa State, showing how aerial delivery can bridge access gaps.
Source: gavi.org – Flying malaria vaccines reach isolated Nigerian communities (Accessed July 2025)
13. PharmaTimes Clinical Researcher of the Year – The Americas (2024)
Gold award recognition in the Global Project Team category for excellence in patient-centered trial execution, site collaboration, and sponsor oversight.
Source: PharmaTimes – Clinical Researcher of the Year 2024 Results (Accessed August 2025)
14. PATH (2023)
PATH highlighted microneedle patches as painless, needle-free, and cold-chain-independent, with potential to transform vaccine access in underserved communities.
Source: path.org – Swapping needles for patches could improve vaccine equity (Accessed August 2025)
15. WHO ML3 Status – Nigeria (2025)
In August 2025, Nigeria became the first African country to sustain WHO’s Maturity Level 3 (ML3) status for regulating medicines and vaccines, marking a step toward safe local production and vaccine self-reliance.
Source: NAFDAC – PCN retains WHO Maturity Level 3 (ML3) status for regulation of medicines and vaccines (Accessed August 2025)
16. Simprints + Ghana Health Service (2025)
Simprints and GHS use biometrics to strengthen malaria vaccine delivery, targeting 500,000 children.
Source: Simprints – Strengthening malaria vaccination in Ghana with the power of biometrics (Accessed August 2025)
17. Nigeria Country Profile (2024) – Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)
Provides data on Nigeria’s vaccine production capacity, demand, policy environment, and opportunities to strengthen local manufacturing and immunization systems.
Source: CHAI – Nigeria Country Profile 2024 PDF (Accessed September 2025)
18. Nigeria Immunization Financing Assessment – World Bank (2021)
Examines Nigeria’s vaccine funding flows, highlights gaps in current mechanisms, and recommends strategies to strengthen sustainable immunization financing.
Source: World Bank – Nigeria Immunization Financing Assessment PDF (Accessed September 2025)
19. World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2022)
Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC), 2021 revision. July 2022.
Source: UNICEF – State of the World’s Children 2023, Full report PDF (Accessed October 2025)
20. UNICEF Immunization Roadmap for Africa (2022–2030)
Outlines UNICEF’s priorities and strategies for strengthening Africa’s immunization systems through 2030, including pathways for equitable access, system resilience, and primary health care integration.
Source: UNICEF – Immunization Roadmap 2022–2030 PDF (Accessed October 2025)
21. Nigeria MAP Vaccine Roadmap (2025–2030)
Outlines a three-phase strategy to evaluate, scale, and integrate microneedle vaccine patches into Nigeria’s immunization system, with Phase I conducted in collaboration with Harvard Medical School GCSRT.
Source: LunaVax – Nigeria MAP Vaccine Roadmap PDF (Accessed October 2025)
22. WHO MR-MAP Target Product Profile (2023)
Summarizes the thermostability, cold-chain flexibility (VVM30, CTC), delivery, and programmatic requirements for Measles-Rubella Microarray Patches (MR-MAPs), as discussed at the 2023 WHO PDVAC meeting.
Source: World Health Organization – MR-MAP Target Product Profile, PDVAC Meeting Report 2023 PDF (Accessed October 2025)
23. WHO Immunization Country Profile – Nigeria (2024)
Provides an overview of Nigeria’s immunization coverage, system performance, vaccine schedule, financing, and progress toward regional and global immunization targets.
Source: WHO and UNICEF estimates of immunization coverage: 2023 revision (Accessed November 2025)
24. Nigeria’s Integrated Health Campaign Launch (2025)
Official press release announcing Africa’s largest integrated health campaign, targeting over 100 million children with vaccines and treatments across all 36 states.
Source: Federal Ministry of Health – Press Release (Accessed November 2025)